ZALMAN AMD Athlon/ Duron/Athlon XP Socket 462 CPU Manual de usuario descargar pdf (Pagina 7)

CHAPTER 5 CPUs 105

Passport / Mike Meyers‘ A+ Certification Passport / Meyers / 226308-3 / Chapter 5

bus, for example, uses a ×10 clock multiplier. Because CPUs do so much more

work processing than any other component, it makes sense for them to do 10

things while some other processor—such as a sound card processor—would do

a single thing.

The system bus speed and the multiplier on CPUs had to be manually config

ured via jumpers on the motherboard in the old days. Today’s CPUs actually re

port to the motherboard through a function called CPUID (CPU identifier),

and the system bus speed and multiplier are often set automatically. Many

motherboards offer manual configuration, but this is primarily for tweaking

systems.See the section on “Overclocking”later in this chapter for more details.

Performance Ratings

Intel has traditionally been able to produce CPUs that run faster than CPUs

from AMD, and its marketing reflected this aspect of CPUs. AMD, in contrast,

has argued that speed is less important than processing efficiency and has con-

centrated on the latter for its CPUs. Unfortunately for AMD, Intel has a great

marketing force and most consumers bought the erroneous line that raw speed

is the most important aspect of a CPU.

To overcome this marketing, AMD marks its CPUs with a performance rating

in addition to a clock speed, to advertise that a slower AMD CPU performs on

par with a much faster Intel CPU. An AMD Athlon 64 X2 5400+ might run at

only 2.8 GHz, for example, but according to AMD can compete head to head

with a 5.4-GHz Intel CPU. With the Pentium M and the more recent Core and

Core 2 processors, Intel has conceded the point and has removed raw speed as

the primary factor in CPU quality and performance.

CPU Packages

All current CPUs come in a square package called a pin grid array (PGA), like

that shown in Figure 5.3, but variations exist within and among manufacturers.

Collectively, Intel and AMD have used close to 100 variations of the PGA pack

age over the years for hundreds of different CPU models with names like stag

gered-PGA, micro-PGA, ball grid array (which uses tiny balls instead of pins),

and land grid array (which uses flat pads instead of pins).

Many different varieties of PGA CPUs are based on the number of pins stick

ing out of the CPU. These CPUs snap into special sockets on the motherboard,

with each socket designed to match the pins (or balls or pads) on the CPU.

To make CPU insertion and removal easier, these sockets—officially called

zero insertion force (ZIF) sockets—use a small arm on the side of the socket

(Figure 5.4) or a cage that fits over the socket to hold the CPU in place. ZIF sock

ets are easily identified by their squarish shape. Many sockets today have names

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